# Lachesis, computation and desire to explore (Ancient Turing machines III)

This post continues the previous:

In the fiction of the Moirai performing as an ancient Turing machine, destiny  is akin to computation:

– it might be anyhow, like the Turing machine which could do anything,

– but once threaded by Clotho, Atropos and Lachesis, destiny is fixed (as in greek tragedies), like the outcome of a computation is fixed once the program and the data are given (by the gods  holding the keyboard).

Where is the part of exploration here? Where is the free will to leave the destiny’s path and take a walk on the field, towards that distant glitter from the mountain, far away…

Exploration is not computation, like (trying to understand something and) formulating problems is not solving problems.

Let’s get pragmatic and suppose that Lachesis is capable of doing the extended beta move instead of the more limited graphic beta move. Is this enough for allowing exploration into one’s destiny? Yes, if we interpret exploration (as done before) as being governed by the emergent algebra gate $\varepsilon$.

In the previous Moirai posts I showed how the three fates may construct any graph representing a lambda calculus term, starting from an initial loop. What the Moirai could not do, was to construct a $\varepsilon$ gate. Now, with the extended beta move available, here is how they could do it:

# Neural darwinism, large scale homunculus

Neural darwinism, wiki entry:

Neural Darwinism, a large scale theory of brain function by Gerald Edelman, was initially published in 1978, in a book called The Mindful Brain (MIT Press). It was extended and published in the 1989 book Neural Darwinism – The Theory of Neuronal Group Selection.”

“The last part of the theory attempts to explain how we experience spatiotemporal consistency in our interaction with environmental stimuli. Edelman called it “reentry” and proposes a model of reentrant signaling whereby a disjunctive, multimodal sampling of the same stimulus event correlated in time leads to self-organizing intelligence. Put another way, multiple neuronal groups can be used to sample a given stimulus set in parallel and communicate between these disjunctive groups with incurred latency.”

Here is my (probably very sketchy) understanding of this mysterious “reentry”.

Say $X$ is the collection of neurons of the brain, a discrete set with large cardinality $N$. At any moment the “state” of the brain is partially described by a $N \times N$ matrix of weights: the number $w_{ij}$ is the weight of the connection of the neuron $i$ with the neuron $j$ (a non-negative real  number).

We may imagine such a state of the brain as being the trivial groupoid $X \times X$ with a weight function defined on arrows with values in $[0,+\infty)$.

Instead of neurons and weights of connections we may easily imagine more complex situations (for example take the trivial groupoid generated by connections; an arrow between two connections is the neuron incident to both connections, and so on; moreover, weights could be enriched,…), so let’s just say that a state of  the brain is a weighted groupoid.

With a dynamics of weights.

Define a “neuronal group” as being a sub-groupoid with a weight function.  Take now two neuronal groups $(A,w_{A})$ and $(B,w_{B})$.  How similar are they, in the brain?

For this we need a cost function which applies to any “weighted relation” (in the brain, i.e. in the big weighted groupoid) from $A$ to $B$ and spills a non-negative number. The similarity between two neural groups (with respect to a particular state of the brain) is the minimum of these numbers over all the possible connectomes between $A$ and $B$.

My feeble understanding of this reentry is that, as time passes, the state of the brain evolves in a way which increases (in fact decreases the cost of) similarity of neuronal groups “encoding” aspects of the same “stimulus” which are correlated in time.

We may the imagine a “large scale homunculus” as being a similar but strict neural sub-group of the whole brain. The reentry weighted relation will then have a structure of an emergent algebra.

Indeed, there is a striking similarity between this formalization (probably very naive w.r.t. the complexity of the problem, and also totally ignoring dynamical aspects) and the characterization of emergent algebras as being related to the problem of exploring space and matching collections of maps, as described in  “Maps of metric spaces“, see also  these slides.

Just replace distances with matrices of weights, or equivalently, think about the previous image as:

I shall come back to this with all details later.

# Mass connected processing?

In this  Unlimited Detail technology description  appears the term “mass connected processing”. Looking on the net for this one finds this post,  I cite from it:

“By the looks of what they are saying, the areas and level of real time software performance they are talking about, it is likely to be the same methods that I came up with back around 1997 (when I was also in Brisbane), or not far off of it, as the problem reduces down to single 100% efficient methods. ”

Anybody knows what’s this all about?

# Discrete or continuous, no other option? That’s a lack of imagination. (I)

The dilemma “discrete or continuous universe” is as old as philosophy. Now it is central to modern physics, a field whose practitioners don’t care much about philosophy.

As  a mathematician, hence belonging to the “learners” pythagorean school — cite from wikipedia on pythagoreanism:

According to tradition, Pythagoreanism developed at some point into two separate schools of thought, the mathēmatikoi Μαθηματικοι (“learners”) and the akousmatikoi Ακουσματικοι, (“listeners”).

— I shall strike back and accuse modern physicists of lack of imagination in tackling the discrete-continuous dilemma.

In the same time, and that is the more interesting part, I advance the following thesis:

Reality emerges from a more primitive, non-geometrical, substratum  by the same mechanism   the brain uses to construct  the image of reality, starting from intensive properties (like  a bunch of spiking signals sent by receptors in the retina), without any use of extensive (i.e. spatial or geometric)  properties.

Therefore understanding vision may give us new ideas for physics.

Summary:

1. for the lack of imagination part, I argue that making an experiment (which in particular may probe the discreteness or continuity of a piece of reality) is like making a map of a territory. However, there are mathematical results which put a priori bounds on the accuracy of any map (aka Gromov-Hausdorff distance), thus making irrelevant the distinction between a discrete or a continuous territory. See this for an introduction, also see this for the particular case of the Heisenberg group.

2. for the thesis part, I shall explain why it is a reasonable speculation based on the same mathematical results.

This is based on the paper arXiv:1011.4485.

# A discussion about the structure of visual space

In August I discovered the blog The structure of visual space group and I was impressed by the post The Maya theory of (visual) perception.  A discussion with Bill Rosar started in the comments, which I consider interesting enough to rip it from there and put it here.

This discussion may also help to better understand some of the material from my blog. Several  links were added in order to facilitate this. Here is the exchange of comments.

Me: “I just discovered this blog and I look forward to read it in detail.

Re: “What I am calling into question is the ontological status of a physical world existing beyond the senses.”

Also in relation to the mind-body dualism, I think there is a logical contradiction in the “Cartesian Theater” argument by Dennett, due to the fact that the fact that Dennett’s theater is a theater in a box, already designed for a dualist homunculus-stage space perception (in contradistinction with the older, original Greek Theater).”

Bill Rosar: “Thank you for your posting, Marius Buliga, and welcome! It is great to have a mathematician join us, for obvious reasons, especially since you are interested in problems in geometry.

Your idea of the eye as a “theatron” is interesting, though I do not believe that the brain is computing anything, for the simple reason that it is not a computer, and doesn’t behave like one, as some neuroscientists are now publicly saying. It is people who perform computations, not brains.

Raymond Tallis, who posted “The Disappearance of Appearance” here two years ago, went to some pains to articulate the fallacious reasoning behind the computational metaphor of mind and brain in his marvelous little book WHY THE MIND IS NOT A COMPUTER.

It has long been a truism in cognitive psychology that we do not see our retinal images, and the “function” or process of vision is probably very different from the creation of images, because there is no image in the brain, nor anything like one. If anything, the pattern of stimulation on the retinae is “digested” by the visual system, broken down rather like food is into nutrients (as an alternative, think of chemical communication among insects).

To my knowledge, Descartes did not invoke the analogy of a theater for vision (or perception in general), so for Dennett to construe his ideas on such an analogy is dubious at the outset and, in this instance, just seems to make for a straw man. For that matter, Dennett does not seem to understand the reasons for dualism very fully, and as nearly as I can determine, never bothered to acquaint himself with the excellent volume edited by John Smythies and John Beloff, THE CASE FOR DUALISM (1989). His ill-informed refutations just strike me as facile and unconvincing (and his computational theory of mind has been roundly rejected by Ray Tallis as being fallacious).

My own invoking of theater here as an analogy is to reality itself, not just perception, and is therefore quite different from the view Dennett imputes to Cartesian dualism, though. I propose that physics studies the stagecraft of a reality that only (fully) exists when perceived–which is closer to Berkeley than Descartes, and is a view consistent with John Wheeler’s “observer-participant” model of the universe.

Theoretical physicist Saul-Paul Sirag advanced a “many realities” alternative to the Everett-Wheeler “many worlds” hypothesis, arguing that other realities are mathematically possible. That is why I have tendered the provocative notion that the reality we know is a sort of construction, one that is maintained by the physical constants–or so it seems. Sirag argued that it is not the only possible reality for that reason, and that the constants are comparable to the “chains” that hold the cave dwellers captive to the shadow play on the wall.

I propose instead that the senses are part of the reality-making “mechanism,” and that vision has more the character of a resolving mechanism than a picture-making one (not quite like the Bohm-Pribram holographic reality/brain analogy, though). That gets rid of the homunculus problem, because it turns the perception process inside out: The person and homunculus are one and the same, and visual space is just where it appears to be, viz. in front of us, not a picture made by the visual system in the brain. The forerunner of this view was James Culbertson. The flaw is that it requires a rejection or modification of the causal theory of perception, as we have discussed here. But causality is a metaphysical principle, not a physical one, and perhaps in this context at least requires some close scrutiny, just as Culbertson gave it.”

Me: “…”…for Dennett to construe his ideas on such an analogy is dubious at the outset and, in this instance, just seems to make for a straw man.” This is my impression also, but what can we learn from this about vision?

As a mathematician, maybe, I am quite comfortable with vagueness. What I get from the greek theater/theater in a box argument is that the homunculus is as artificial as the scenic space, or the outer, physical space. These two notions come in pairs: either one has both, or none. The positive conclusion of the argument is that we have to go higher: there is a relation, akin to a map-territory relation, which has on one side the homunculus and on the other side the space.

Let me elaborate a bit on the map-territory relation. What is a map of a territory? It is the outcome of a collection of procedures agreed by the cartographer and the map reader. The cartographer wanders through the territory and constructs a map by some procedure, say by measuring angles and distances using some apparatus. The cartographer follows a convention of representation of the results of his experiments on a piece of paper, let us call this convention “euclidean geometry” (but it might be “quantum mechanics” as well, or “relativity theory”…). The map reader knows that such convention exists and moreover, at least concerning basic facts, he knows how to read the map by applying the convention (for example, the reader of the map of a city, say, knows that straight lines are shortest on the maps as well as across the city). We may say that the map-territory relation (correspondence between points from the territory – pixels from the map) IS the collection of agreed procedures of representation of experiments of the cartographer on the map. The relation between the particular map and the particular territory is just an outcome of this map-territory relation.

Looking at this level, instead of speaking about the perception of the exterior by the homunculus, it is maybe more reasonable to speak, like in “The structure of visual spaces” by J.J. Koenderink, A.J. van Doorn, Journal of mathematical imaging and vision, Volume: 31, Issue: 2-3 (2008), pp. 171-187, about the structure of the visual space as being the result of a controlled hallucination, based on prior experiences which led to coherent results.

Bill Rosar: “Thank you, Marius! What can we learn from Dennett’s faulty analysis of vision, you ask? The “moral of the story” IMO is that any model based on computation presupposes that we know how people perform computations–or how the human minds does–which is something we presently unknown, because we don’t really know what the “mind” really is–it’s just a name. All a computer does is automate a procedure we humans perform. To assume that Nature makes computers strikes me as a classic example of anthropormorphism, and Ray Tallis would agree. How then to get beyond that fallacy? Or, in the case of vision, to echo John Wheeler’s style of formulating foundational problems in physics, “How do you get vision without vision?”–that is, how to understand vision without presupposing it? That’s quite a feat!

A few months ago when Bob French and I were last debating some of these points I suggested that we turn to the evolution of the eye and see what that tells us. Conveniently the evolution of the eyes has been one of Richard Dawkins’ favorite examples to refute the idea of “intelligent design”.

In light of all the questions the account Dawkins raises but leaves unanswered, intelligent design seems to make more sense (I offer no opinion on that myself). So it is a question of what the simplist eyes do and how the organisms possessing them use them. There is a nice little video on YouTube that highlights all that Dawkins does not explain in his simplist account of the evolution of the eye.

As for the map-territory analogy you suggest, it is comparable to the idea of “cortical maps” but shares the same conceptual pitfall as that of the perspective projection analogy I gave above, because as I noted, unlike being able to compare the flat perspective projection (map) with the 3-D *visual space* of which it is (supposedly) a projection, we cannot do that with visual space in relation to putative physical space, which lies beyond our senses. It seems to me that we are to some extent each trapped solipsistically within our own perceptual world.

Koenderink’s idea just seems like nonsense to me, because we don’t even really know what hallucinations are any more than how a hallucinatory space is created relative to our “normal” waking visual space (BTW we invited Koenderink to join the blog a few years ago, but he never replied). The *concept* of a hallucination is only useful when one has some non-hallucinatory experience to which to compare it–thus the same problem as the projection analogy above.

Trouble is we seem to be *inside* the system we are trying to understand, and therefore cannot assume an Archimedean point outside it from which to better grasp it (one of the fundamental realizations Einstein had in developing the theory of relativity, i.e., relativity is all *within* the system = universe).

As for visual space being non-Euclidean or not, I called into question many years ago the interpretation of the data upon which all theories of the geometry of visual space are based, because the “alley experiments” never took into account changes of projection on the retinae as a function of eye movement, i.e., the angles of objects projected on the retina are constantly changing as the eyes move. This has never been modeled mathematically, but it should be. Just look at the point where a wall meets the ceiling an run your eyes along its length, back and forth. You will notice that the angle of the line changes as you move your eyes along it.

Yes, the space and homunculus are an inseparable pair IMO–just look at Wheeler’s symbolic representation of the observer-participant universe (the eye looking at the U).”

Bill Rosar: “I should hasten to emend my remarks above by stating that when we speak of “eyes” and “brains” such objects are only known to us by perception. So like any physical object, we cannot presuppose their existence as such separate from our perception of them–except by an act of a kind of faith (belief), much as we believe that the sun will rise every morning. Therefore talking about their “function” etc. is still all resting upon perceptions, without which we would have no knowledge of anything, ergo, something like Aristotle’s dictum “There is nothing in the mind that was not first in the senses.” Are there eyes and brains that exist independently of perceptions of them?”

Me: “Dear Bill, thank you for the interesting comments! I have several of my own (please feel free to edit the post if it is too long, boring or otherwise repellent for the readers of this blog):

1. It looks to me we agree more than my faulty style of exposition shows: one cannot base an explanation of how the space is “re-constructed” in the brain on the structure of the physical space, point. It may be that what we call structure of physical space is formed by features selected as significant by our brain, in the same way as a wind pipe extracts a fundamental note from random noise (thank you Neal Stephenson).

2. We both agree (as well as Koenderink, see his “Brain a geometry engine”) that, as you write, “the senses are part of the reality-making “mechanism,” and that vision has more the character of a resolving mechanism than a picture-making one”.

3. Concerning “computing”, is just a word. In the sense that “computing” is defined as something which could be done by Turing machines, or expressed in lambda calculus, etc, I believe too that the brain is not computing in this sense. With efforts and a lot of dissipation, it seems that the brain is able to compute in this sense, but naturally it does not. (It would be an interesting project to experimentally “measure” this dissipation, starting for example from a paper by Mark Changizi “Harnessing vision for computation”, here is the link to a pdf.

4. But if we enlarge the meaning of the word “computing” then it may as well turn out that the brain does compute. The interesting question for a mathematician is: find a definition of “computation in enlarged sense” which fits with what the brain does in relation to vision. This is a project dear to me, I don’t want to bother you with this (unless you are interested), which might have eventual real world applications. I started it with the paper “Computing with space, a tangle formalism for chora and difference” and I reached the goal of connecting this (as a matter of proof of principle, not because I believe that the brain really computes in the classical sense of the word) with lambda calculus in the paper “Local and global moves on locally planar trivalent graphs, lambda calculus and lambda-Scale“.
(By the way, I cannot solve the problem of where to submit a paper like “Computing with space…”)

5. Concerning “hallucination”, as previously, is just a word. What I think is likely to be true is that, even if the brain does not have direct access to the physical space, it may learn a language of primitives of this space, by some bayesian or other, unknown, procedure, which is akin to say that we may explain why we see (suppose, for the sake of the discussion) an euclidean 3d space not by using as hypothesis the fact that the physical space has this structure, but because our brains learn a family of primitives of such a structure and then lay in front of our eyes a “hallucination” which is constructed by the consistent use of those primitives.”

Bill Rosar: “Thanks for these stimulating thoughts and ideas, Marius. Not to worry about the length of your blog postings. Mine are often (too) long, too. My remarks will be in two parts. This is part I.

When John Smythies and I started this blog (which was really intended to be a “think tank” rather than a blog), we agreed that, following the lead of Einstein, it may be necessary to re-examine fundamental concepts of space and geometry (not to mention time), thus John’s very first posting about Jean Nicod’s work in this regard, and a number of mine which followed.

One of these fundamental concepts that calls for closer scrutiny is space itself, or, to be more precise, the nature of *spatial extension,* both of which are abstractions, especially in mathematics (in this regard see Graham Nerlich’s excellent monograph, “The Shape of Space”).

We need to better understand the basis of those two abstractions–space and extension–IMO if we are to make progress on the nature of visual space, or the other sensory modalities that occupy perceptual space as a whole (auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory). Abstractions reflect both what they omit and what they assume, and it is the assumptions that we especially need to examine here. While clearly visual space is extended, what about smell? Are smells extended in space?

What we find is that there is a *hierarchy* in perceptual space, one that in man is dominated by visual sensation–what has been called the “dominant visual matrix” by psychologists studying perception. Even sounds are referred to visual loci (“localized”), and I think that can be said of smells, too. But in of themselves it is not clear that even auditory sensations are extended in the same way that visual sensations are, because it is as if when a sound is gone, that part of the “soundscape” is also gone, but that which remains is visual space. In visual space an object may disappear, but the locus it occupied does not also disappear. For example, though we can point to the *visual* source of a sound we hear, we do not point to a sound–even the phrase sounds strange, and ordinary language reveals much about the nature of the perceptual world–or what the man of the street calls the “physical world.””

Bill Rosar: “Part II.

If that is so, why should we assume that physical space has all the properties of visual space and is perhaps not more like smell? Physics is making one big assumption!

I will always remember what Caltech mathematician Richard M. Wilson told me when I consulted him many years ago on ideas I had about how the geometry of visual space reflects changing perspective projections on the retinas. He said, “Keep it simple!” By that he meant being parsimonious and not jumping into fancy mathematical formulations without necessity. I am suggesting that we need to keep the mathematical apparatus here to a minimum, lest its elegance obscure the deeper truth we are seeking–just as Einstein cautioned.

So when we talk about the brain, I think we need to be mindful of what Ray Tallis says about it in his posting “The Disappearance of Appearance,” and just *how* we know about the brain, because we cannot talk about the extended world of physical space and exclude the brain itself from that as a (presumably) physically extended biophysical object. It is not that there is the physical world and there is the brain apart from it.

This ultimately becomes question-begging, because in talking about the brain, we are presupposing physical space, rather than explaining how we have arrived at the notion of physical space and extension. Certainly physical science would deny that physical space is created by the brain. Yet David Bohm would say that physics is largely based on an optical lens-like conception of the physical world, but that physical reality may be more like a hologram (now once again a popular analogy in cosmology because of Leonard Susskind’s theory).

Of course when Karl Pribram then talks about the brain being a mechanism that resolves the holonomic reality (“implicate order”) into a hologram or holographic image (“explicate order”), he forgets that the brain itself would presumably be part of the same holonomic implicate order, and would therefore be resolving itself. By what special power can it perform that trick?

So the very “picture” we have of the brain itself is no different from any other physical entity, as Ray Tallis has been at pains to show.

For now, I’m going to rest with just these rejoinders, and return to your other points later.”

# Towards aerography, or how space is shaped to comply with the perceptions of the homunculus

In the previous post

The Cartesian Theater: philosophy of mind versus aerography

I explained why the Cartesian Theater is not well describing the appearance of the homunculus.

A “Cartesian theater”, Dennett proposes, is any theory about what happens in one’s mind which can be reduced to the model of a “tiny theater in the brain where a homunculus … performs the task of observing all the sensory data projected on a screen at a particular instant, making the decisions and sending out commands.”

This leads to infinite regression, therefore any such theory is flawed. One has to avoid the appearance of the homunculus in one’s theory, as a consequence.

The homunculus itself may appear from apparently innocuous assumptions, such as the introduction of any limen (or threshold), like supposing that (from Consciousness Explained (1991), p. 107)

“…there is a crucial finish line or boundary somewhere in the brain, marking a place where the order of arrival equals the order of “presentation” in experience because what happens there is what you are conscious of.”

By consequence such assumptions are flawed. There is no limen, boundary inside the brain (strangely, any assumption which supposes a boundary which separates the individual from the environment is not disturbing anybody excepting Varela, Maturana, or the second order cybernetics).

In the previous post I argued, based on my understanding of the excellent paper of Kenneth R Olwig

that the “Cartesian theater” model is misleading because it neglects to notice that what happens on stage is as artificial as the homunculus spectator, while, in the same time, the theater itself (a theater in a box) is designed for perception.

Therefore, while everybody (?) accepts that there is no homunculus in the brain, in the same time nobody seems to be bothered that always the perception data are modeled as if they come from the stage of the Cartesian theater.

For example, few would disagree that we see a 3-dimensional, euclidean world. But this is obviously not what we see and the proof is that we can be easily tricked by stereoscopy. These are the visual data (together with other, more subtle, auditory, posture and whatnot) which the brain uses to reconstruct the world as seen by a homunculus, created by our illusory image that there is a boundary between us (me, you) and the environment.

You would say: nobody in the right mind denies that the world is 3d, at least our familiar everyday world, not quantum or black holes or other inventions of physicists. I don’t deny it, just notice, like in this previous post, that the space is perceived as it is based on prior knowledge, that is because prior “controlled hallucinations” led consistently to coherent interpretations.

The idea is that in fact there are two things to avoid: one is the homunculus and the other one is the scenic space.

The “scenic space” is itself a model of the real space (does this exists?) and it leads itself to infinite regression. We “learn space” by relating to it and modeling it in our brains. I suppose that all (inside and outside of the brain) complies with the same physical laws and that the rational explanation for the success of the “3d scenic space” (which is consistent with our educated perception, but also with physical phenomena in our world, at least at human scale and range) should come from this understanding that brain processes are as physical as a falling apple and as mathematical as perspective is.

# Braitenberg vehicles, enchanted looms and winnowing-fans

Braitenberg vehicles were introduced in the wonderful book (here is an excerpt which contains enough information for understanding this post):

Vehicles: Experiments in Synthetic Psychology [update: link no longer available]

In the introduction of the book we find the following:

At times, though, in the back of my mind, while I was counting fibers in the visual ganglia of the fly or synapses in the cerebral cortex of the mouse, I felt knots untie,  distinctions dissolve, difficulties disappear, difficulties I had experienced much earlier when I still held my first naive philosophical approach to the problem of the mind.

This is not the first appearance of knots (and related weaving craft) as a metaphor for things related to the brain. A famous paragraph, by Charles Scott Sherrington compares the brain waking from sleep with an enchanted loom

The great topmost sheet of the mass, that where hardly a light had twinkled or moved, becomes now a sparkling field of rhythmic flashing points with trains of traveling sparks hurrying hither and thither. The brain is waking and with it the mind is returning. It is as if the Milky Way entered upon some cosmic dance. Swiftly the head mass becomes an enchanted loom where millions of flashing shuttles weave a dissolving pattern, always a meaningful pattern though never an abiding one; a shifting harmony of subpatterns.

Compare with the following passage (Timaeus 52d and following) from Plato:

…the nurse of generation [i.e. space, chora] …  presented a strange variety of appearances; and being full of powers which were neither similar nor equally balanced, was never in any part in a state of equipoise, but swaying unevenly hither and thither, was shaken by them, and by its motion again shook them; and the elements when moved were separated and carried continually, some one way, some another; as, when grain is shaken and winnowed by fans and other instruments used in the threshing of corn, the close and heavy particles are borne away and settle in one direction, and the loose and light particles in another.

The winnowing-fan (liknon) is important in the Greek mythology, it means also cradle and Plato uses this term with both meanings.

For a mathematician at least, winnowing and weaving are both metaphors of computing with braids: the fundamental group of the configuration space of the grains is the braid group and moreover the grains (trajectories) are the weft, the winnowing-fan is the warp of a loom.

All part of the reason of proposing a tangle formalism for chora and computing with space.

Back to Braitenberg vehicles. Vehicles 2,3,4 and arguably 5 are doing computations with space, not logical computations, by using sensors, motors and connections (that is map-making operations). I cite from the end of Vehicle 3 section:

But, you will say, this is ridiculous: knowledge implies a flow of information from the environment into a living being ar at least into something like a living being. There was no such transmission of information here. We were just playing with sensors, motors and connections: the properties that happened to emerge may look like knowledge but really are not. We should be careful with such words. […]

Meanwhile I invite you to consider the enormous wealth of different properties that we may give Vehicle 3c by choosing various sensors and various combinations of crossed and uncrossed, excitatory and inhibitory, connections.